Traditions and Proverbs of weather

　What do you know a tradition or a proverb of weather? Probably, ancestors looked at sky in many cases than we do. So, they were able to leave such traditions and proverbs. Let’s give some examples and the reasons.

・A sunset is a mark of fine.( The morning glow shows that the weather worsens.)

[REASON] Evening glow happens when it can keep seeing to a west long distance. If west sky has cleared up, it will be expected that the next day clears up.

・It is fine when dew is getting down a lot in the morning.

[REASON] We have dew when it is warm in the daytime and it is cold at night. Meaning it being fine to have got cold in radiative cooling night, and clearing up on that day is expected.

・If a rainbow comes out in the morning, it will rain.

[REASON] Since it is a time of it raining west of the side opposite to solar that the rainbow has come out in the morning, the weather worsens soon.

・If swallows fly low, it will rain. If they fly high, it will fine.

[REASON] If the weather worsens, an insect will fly in a low place. Since the swallow is using the insect as food, when flying in the neighborhood of the ground, the weather worsens.

・If a kite flies high, a storm will be approaching.

[REASON] Before the wind near the ground becomes strong, a wind high up in the sky becomes strong. Because a kite rides this wind and flies, this proverb appeared.

・It is a rain mark that a star flickers. If a star winks, a wind will come out.

[REASON] A star flickers because a wind high up in the sky is strong and the air shakes intensively.

・It is fine when the smoke of a chimney rises straightly.

[REASON] The atmosphere is stable.

・If a cat washes a face, it will rain.

[REASON] If air becomes wet, the tear gland of a cat will be stimulated.

・A jet stream shows that the weather will change tomorrow.

[REASON] Because a jet stream will appear if air becomes wet.

・If sardine clouds come out, it will rain soon.

[REASON] Sardine clouds mean cirrocumulus. It will appear, if the sky becomes wet.

・It will begin to rain, if a long distance sound can be heard well.

[REASON] If air becomes wet, sound can be heard to a distance.

・If a hen goes into a hut early in the evening, it will be fine, and if late, it will begin to rain.

[REASON] If it will be fine tomorrow also, food can be looked for, but since it will not come outside if it rains, food is looked for till late in the evening.

・When many sea gulls write a ring and fly about, it is a sign of stormy weather at sea. 

・When a sea gull flies highly, it is a sign of stormy weather.

[REASON] Since the sky is windy, a sea gull rides and flies to a wind. A wind is a notice which becomes strong.

・It will begin to rain, if an ant is slaughtered.

[REASON] If rain is near, an ant will make a procession.

・If cumulonimbus has come out to the sky of summer, it will rain then.

[REASON] Cumulonimbus showers on a shower and thunderstorm.

 Were there some which have been heard? It seems that there are many rational things. Please look up at the sky and expect the future weather.

Meteorologists≠Weather reporters

What is the difference between meteorologists and weather reports? It is a weather forecaster whom we often see on television. And it is the meteorologist who is mainly being studied at the laboratory.

What kind of work are they mainly doing?

【Meteorologists】

 There are three styles roughly divided into research of the weather.

[Observation]

  The weather high up in the sky is investigated by lifting balloons (Serious, when it will do repeatedly on a day).  A radar is installed and operated and data is collected (Since it breaks down well, correspondence is serious). It rides and samples on an airplane (Since it is a light plane, they are fearful). An observation machine is shouldered on the top of a mountain, and data is taken (Physical strength match). If it even installs by digitizing almost all data unlike ancient times, it can measure automatically in many cases. However, the part data becomes huge and the analysis using computers (personal computer) is needed.

[Experiment]

 There are the laboratory experiment in a low-temperature chamber, a chemical analysis, etc. Since it is occasionally called -50℃, if the environment of a laboratory goes in and out repeatedly, it may ruin health.

[Simulation]

 Computer simulation which investigates how for atmospheric movement and rain to fall. Seemingly, also in many months and this case, it is in discovering one mistake.

Moreover, people who are inquiring have some classes.

[Graduate student]

 They are being devoted to research during a day. The graduate student is actually bearing the great portion of result of research of Japan. However, since it is unpaid mostly, it is forced an extreme poverty life.

[The teacher of a university]

 The production of data for taking a budget, attendance to various study groups, a student's lesson and instruction, intramural office work, the coordination of a study group, etc. So, it is said that it is serious to work out research time. There are some teachers who lead and study a graduate student's instruction indirectly.

[The personnel of a research institute]

 The weather is studied in the Meteorological Research Institute, National Institute for Environmental Studies, etc. They can secure as many miscellaneous business research time as the teacher of a university. However, the subject of research which a subject setup had little flexibility compared with the university, and was decided by the policy of the country will be performed.

[Private enterprises]

 There is also a company which is doing the research and development of the original weather forecasting model. However, since it is a company, the result which is useful immediately is called for.

It is such touch generally. Only by the weather, an area of research does not necessarily differ from the scholar of other geophysics fields so much.

【Weather reporters】

 A certificated weather forecaster system is a system introduced by revision of the Meteorological Service Standards from the Heisei 6 fiscal year. This system is founded for the purpose of securing the engineer who can use appropriately the advanced prediction data of the numerical weather prediction data etc. which are offered from the Meteorological Agency so that disaster prevention information and the weather bulletin which has a close relation may not cause society confusion by being passed unsuitably. A duty of making a phenomenon expect to a certificated weather forecaster is imposed upon the entrepreneur who performs outlook service. It is required to pass the certificated weather forecaster examination which Meteorological Business Support Center carries out, in order to become a certificated weather forecaster, and to obtain Director-General's of the Meteorological Agency registration.

 Probably, you know Takeshi Amatatsu, Yoshizumi Ishihara and so on. They are weather reporters.

Weather observation

 How long did we observe weather? It is on June 1, Meiji 8 (1875) that the Tokyo meteorological observatory which is the predecessor of the present Meteorological Agency started the weather survey. The formal meteorological observing station is not established in Hino until it continues up to now. However, the weather survey was performed in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (that time) sericulture experimental laboratory Hino mulberry farm installed in Meiji 44. About when the ability of the weather survey in the Hino mulberry farm to have begun, the record by Showa 53 to be transferred to Tsukuba from Showa 14 is checked under investigation. In addition, the weather survey has been performed even in metropolitan Tama-doubutsu-kouen since opening in May, Showa 33. Moreover, observation is also performed from Showa 47 at the Japanese special agricultural-chemicals manufacture incorporated company agricultural-chemicals research institute in Toyota. The city library is provided with the data of the agricultural-chemicals research institute was gathered every month. From Showa 58 onward, a weather survey came to be performed also in the city office pollution disaster prevention division.

 Now, under jurisdiction of the Tokyo District Meteorological Observatories in the city of Tokyo, observation is performed at observatories of 13, such as Ogouchi, Ohme, Haneda, Hachijo-jima and Miyake-jima besides the meteorological observatory of Chiyoda-ku. As an area nearest to Hino, the weather information bureau in the Hachioji city office is observing officially.

 In the fourth junior high school of the Hachioji city, regular observation was started by Mr. Hiromasa Harashima's instruction in Hachioji in May, Showa 32. From April, Showa 42, the business as a Hachioji observatory was entrusted from the Meteorological Agency, and it was taken over to the Hachioji city office from it in October, Showa 58. The observation record is exact, and also when it investigates the weather of Hino, it is that it is consulted very much.

 Also in the natural clause of the periodical "Hino-shi-situsi-hen Ⅰ" published in March this year, comparison and analysis are conducted using the data for the past ten years of three areas of an agricultural-chemicals research institute, the Hachioji weather information bureau, and the Tokyo District Meteorological Observatories. Since three areas are the center of Tokyo and a neighboring part, there is hardly difference in weather. However, if it compares finely, the center of Tokyo will show the feature of a little oceanic climate, and it will be subject to the influence of urbanization. On the other hand, it turns out that Hachioji shows the feature of the climate of a basin. Although the cold of winter of Hino is severe compared with the center of Tokyo and it gets a little hot in response to the influence of the climate of inland nature in summer, it becomes a little cool at night.

  

 Thus, climates differ delicately in response to various influences, such as geographical feature. Therefore, it is increasingly important from now on to continue performing observation record in the area which is exact and does not have fault.

Climate changes

What is a climate change? The source of various atmospheric phenomena which happen on the earth is the energy from sun. The energy which the earth received from the sun is exchanged mutually in all parts, and, eventually is returned to space as infrared radiation. Therefore, the energy income and outgo of the mostly stable earth are maintained. All the systems of the earth which participates in the flow of such energy are called a climate system, and an atmospheric average state is called climate. Climate is changed with various factors and various time scales. A natural factor and an artificial factor are one of the factors of a climate change. Natural factors include change of what is inherent in the atmosphere itself, or the ocean, the increase in the aerosol (particulates in the atmosphere) by volcanic eruption, change of a solar activity, etc. Especially the ocean that occupies 70 percent of earth surface is exchanging heat and vapor through a sea surface between the atmospheres, and change of an ocean current or sea surface temperature has big influence on atmospheric movement. On the other hand, there are an increase in greenhouse effect gas, such as carbon dioxide accompanying human activities, an increase in an aerosol, deforestation, etc. in an artificial factor. The increase in greenhouse effect gas, such as carbon dioxide, raises ground temperature, and change of vegetation, such as deforestation, affects the amount of reflection of the solar radiation on the surface of the earth or circulation of water. The concern over global warming by the increase in the carbon dioxide levels in atmospheric air by consumption of fossil fuels, such as a lot of petroleum and coal, has become strong in recent years. And the concern about the climate change by an artificial factor has become strong.

The example of a climate change is given.

1.    Global warming

Since the last report described global warming, it omits this time.

2.    Desertification

 【Meaning】An arid region becomes a desert by fault pasturage, a deforestation, farmland of a prairie, saline, etc. around a desert. Land should dry and growth of plants other than succulent plants, such as a cactus, should become impossible.

・The main structure of desertification

 Although the process of desertification differs from areas where desertification is advancing, respectively, there are mainly erosion, saline, and blown sand.

・・erosion

 The soil into which agricultural products can grow up including nourishment, such as an organic matter, should flow out by rain, a flood, etc. The base which weathering is not following is exposed and a water holding property is also lost. It sees in India, the Middle East, Ocher Plateau, etc.

・・saline

 The salts concentration in soil rises and it becomes impossible to raise a plant. It generates, when there are more amounts of transpiration than the quantity in which the cold water containing salts flows out of soil into the exterior. Salts will stagnate in a soil surface (salt accumulation). Because the ground where salt accumulation advanced has the character near concrete, difficulty is also caused to agricultural work. Therefore, cultivation, pasturage, and the land use itself may often be abandoned. It sees around the Aral Sea etc.

・・blown sand

 Sand should flow into the area which is not a desert from the sand hill which existed on the outskirts, cover topsoil, and keep as a part of desert. In this case, by removing surface sand, since reproduction is comparatively easy, defending sand serves as the main measures. Research is also advanced although it is remarkable in Australia.

 3.    Deforestation

【Meaning】Deforestation refers to the situation where a forest stops decreasing in number or existing by felling of the trees exceeding natural recuperative strength.

・Problem

 As a result of losing the water retention ability of a forest,　the　flood and a landslide may be caused (fall of a head cultivation function). Moreover, water quality and air cleaning ability are reduced. Furthermore, it is indicated that it leads to global warming as a result of the fall of the fixed function of carbon dioxide. When it sees from an ecological viewpoint, dwellings of the animals and plants which reduce the stability of the ecosystem itself by losing the forest used as the base of terrestrial ecosystems, and are useful in a forest, or an insect will be taken.

As mentioned above, in recent years, the climate change by man poses a problem.